• 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Philosophy and structure
      • 1.1.1 Intellectual property
      • 1.1.2 Initial acronyms and definitions
      • 1.1.3 IDMS compliance
      • 1.1.4 Buffet
      • 1.1.5 Hierarchy
      • 1.1.6 Exceptions and deviations
      • 1.1.7 Examples, sample data, and configuration examples
    • 1.2 Colorimetry, photometry, and radiometry
    • 1.3 Updates, changes, addenda, and correlations
      • 1.3.1 Updates
      • 1.3.2 Addenda
      • 1.3.3 Changes
      • 1.3.4 Correlations with other standards
  • 2 Templates, Composite Metrics, and Suites
    • 2.1 Display description, identification, and modes
    • 2.2 Template For Emissive Displays
    • 2.3 Stereoscopic 3D Displays Template Suite
    • 2.4 Vantage-Point Suite of Measurements
    • 2.5 Luminance and Chromaticity Uniformity Template
    • 2.6 Center Screen Basic Measurements Template
    • 2.7 Color-Tile Characterization
  • 3 Setup of Display and Apparatus
    • 3.1 Apparatus for Measurements
    • 3.2 Standard Conditions (Setup Icons)
      • 3.2.1 Electrical Conditions
      • 3.2.2 Environment
      • 3.2.3 Warm-Up Time
      • 3.2.4 Controls Unchanged and Modes
      • 3.2.5 Darkroom Conditions
      • 3.2.6 Standard Viewing Direction
      • 3.2.7 Number of Pixels Measured
      • 3.2.8 Measurement Field, Angular Aperture, and Distance
      • 3.2.9 Screen Measurement Points
      • 3.2.10 Integration Time Sufficient
      • 3.2.11 Array Detector Alias Avoidance
      • 3.2.12 Array Detector Pixel 1:1 Correspondence
      • 3.2.13 References
    • 3.3 Display Setup and Specmanship
      • 3.3.1 Specsmanship and Wiggle-Room Elimination
      • 3.3.2 Inappropriate Mixing of Display Adjustments
    • 3.4 Patterns
    • 3.5 Display Setup and Adjustment
      • 3.5.1 Ideal Darkroom Adjustment
      • 3.5.2 Ideal Adjustment Under Ambient Illumination
      • 3.5.3 Compromised Adjustment
    • 3.6 Coordinate Systems and Viewing Angles
    • 3.7 Variables and Nomenclature
    • 3.8 Camera and imaging light measurement device setup
      • 3.8.1 Geometric alignment with a five-marker pattern method
      • 3.8.2 Reference
    • 3.9 Limiting measurement field angle based on luminance
      • 3.9.1 References
    • 3.10 Moiré avoidance by reproducible defocus
      • 3.10.1 References
  • 4 Visual Assessment
    • 4.1 Saturated Colors
    • 4.2 Cosmetic Defects
    • 4.3 Mura
    • 4.4 Pixel Defects
    • 4.5 Flicker Visibility
    • 4.6 Artifacts and Irregularities
    • 4.7 Alternating Pixel Checkerboard
    • 4.8 Convergence
    • 4.9 Color and Grayscale Inversion
    • 4.10 JND-Based Setup Alternative
    • 4.11 Moving-Picture Resolution, Visual Assessment
    • 4.12 Gamma and Gray-Scale Distortions
    • 4.13 Briggs Roam Test
  • 5 Fundamental Measurements
    • 5.1 Black and White Characterization Issues
    • 5.2 Measurement Repeatability
    • 5.3 Full-Screen White
    • 5.4 Color-Signal White
      • 5.4.1 Color-Signal White Ratio
      • 5.4.2 Color-Signal White Including White and Black
    • 5.5 Peak White
      • 5.5.1 Average Peak White
    • 5.6 Full-Screen Black
    • 5.7 Image-Signal Black
    • 5.8 Configured Luminance, Chromaticity, and Contrast
    • 5.9 Signal Contrast
      • 5.9.1 Full-White-Signal Contrast
    • 5.10 Sequential Contrast
    • 5.11 Peak Contrast
    • 5.12 Starfield Contrast
    • 5.13 Corner-Box Contrast
    • 5.14 Full-Screen Primary Colors (R, G, and B)
    • 5.15 Full-Screen Secondary Colors (C, M, and Y)
    • 5.16 Full-Screen Grays (R = G = B =S)
    • 5.17 Full-Screen Arbitrary Color (R, G, B)
    • 5.18 Chromaticity Gamut Area
      • 5.18.1 Relative Chromaticity Gamut Area
    • 5.19 White-Point Accuracy
    • 5.20 CCT White-Point Validation
    • 5.21 Luminance Adjustment Range
    • 5.22 Large-Area Full-Screen Center Measurement
    • 5.23 Halation
    • 5.24 Loading
    • 5.25 Simple Box Measurements
    • 5.26 Checkerboard Luminance and Contrast (n×m)
    • 5.27 Box Sequential Contrast
    • 5.28 Contrast of Centered Box
    • 5.29 Transverse Contrast of Centered Box
    • 5.30 Perceptual-Contrast Length
    • 5.31 Volume-Color-Reproduction Capability
    • 5.32 Color Gamut Envelope—Color Capability
      • 5.32.1 CIELAB gamut volume
      • 5.32.2 CIELAB Gamut Intersection
      • 5.32.3 CIELAB Gamut Ring Diagram
  • 6 Gray- & Color-Scale Measurements
    • 6.1 Gray Scale
    • 6.2 Primary Color Scales
    • 6.3 Log-Log Gamma Determination
    • 6.4
      Log-Log Color Gamma Determination
    • 6.5 Model-Fitting Gamma Determination (GOGO Model)
    • 6.6 Standard Deviation of Gamma
    • 6.7 Directional Gammas
    • 6.8 Directional Gamma-Distortion Ratio
    • 6.9 Directional RMS Gray-Scale Distortion
    • 6.10 Color Gamma-Distortion Ratio
    • 6.11 Color-Scale RMS Distortion
    • 6.12 Positional Gamma-Distortion Ratio
    • 6.13 Positional Gray-Scale RMS Distortion
    • 6.14 Slope Monotonicity of Gray Scale
    • 6.15 Grayscale Chromaticity Changes
    • 6.16 Order Dependency of Gray Scale
  • 7 Spatial Measurements
    • 7.1 Line Luminance and Contrast
    • 7.2 Grille Luminance and Contrast
      • 7.2.1 Colored Grille Luminance and Contrast
    • 7.3 Intra-character Luminance and Contrast
    • 7.4 Pixel Fill Factor
    • 7.5 Shadowing
    • 7.6 Defective Pixels
      • 7.6.1 Defective Pixel Characterization and Measurement
      • 7.6.2 Reference
    • 7.7 Effective Resolution
    • 7.8 Resolution from Contrast Modulation
    • 7.9 Luminance Step Response
  • 8 UNIFORMITY MEASUREMENTS
    • 8.1 SAMPLED UNIFORMITY
      • 8.1.1 SAMPLED CONTRAST UNIFORMITY
      • 8.1.2
        SAMPLED VANTAGE-POINT UNIFORMITY
      • 8.1.3 SAMPLED VANTAGE-POINT CONTRAST UNIFORMITY
    • 8.2
      AREA UNIFORMITY
      • 8.2.1 AREA CONTRAST UNIFORMITY
      • 8.2.2
        AREA UNIFORMITY STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
    • 8.3
      MURA ANALYSIS
    • 8.4 DISPLAY SPARKLE
  • 9 VIEWING-ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
    • 9.1 FOUR-POINT VIEWING ANGLES
    • 9.2 THRESHOLD-BASED VIEWING ANGLES
    • 9.3 GENERALIZED THRESHOLD BASED VIEWING ANGLES
    • 9.4
      VIEWING-ANGLE LUMINANCE CHANGE RATIO
    • 9.5
      VIEWING-ANGLE PERCEPTUAL METRIC
    • 9.6
      VIEWING-ANGLE COLOR VARIATION
    • 9.7
      GRAY-SCALE INVERSION
    • 9.8 VIEWING-ANGLE RELATIVE COLOR GAMUT AREA
    • 9.9 VIEWING-ANGLE COLOR INVERSION
    • 9.10
      VIEWING-ANGLE CCT
    • 9.11
      LUMINOUS FLUX
      • 9.11.1 ESTIMATED LUMINOUS FLUX
    • 9.12 LUMINOUS FLUX FOR COLOR-SIGNAL WHITE
    • 9.13
      HORIZONTAL ANGULAR VIEWABILITY
      • 9.13.1 EXTENDED HORIZONTAL ANGULAR VIEWABILITY
  • 10 Temporal Measurements
    • 10.1 Warm-up Time
    • 10.2 Response time metrics
      • 10.2.1 Temporal step response
      • 10.2.2 Response time
      • 10.2.3 Gray-to-Gray Response Time
      • 10.2.4 Fitted Response Times
    • 10.3 Video Latency
    • 10.4 Residual Image
    • 10.5 Flicker
    • 10.6 Flicker Visibility
    • 10.7 Spatial Jitter
    • 10.8 Color Residual Image Methods
      • 10.8.1 Color Short-Term Image Retention
      • 10.8.2 Color Long-Term Image Retention
    • 10.9 Video-Based Image Retention
  • 11 Reflection and Transmission Measurements
    • 11.1 Introductory Remarks
      • 11.1.1 Linear Superposition and Scaling
      • 11.1.2 Photometric and Spectral Measurements
      • 11.1.3 Source Measurement and Characterization
      • 11.1.4 Notes
      • 11.1.5 Reflection Parameters
      • 11.1.6 References
    • 11.2 Hemispherical Reflection Specular Included
      • 11.2.1 Large-Angle Implementation
      • 11.2.2 Sampling-Sphere Implementation
      • 11.2.3 Hemispherical Illumination Implementation
    • 11.3 Hemispherical Reflection Specular Excluded
      • 11.3.1 Large-Angle Implementation (Specular Excluded)
      • 11.3.2 Sampling-Sphere Implementation (Specular Excluded)
    • 11.4 Conical Reflection Specular Included
      • 11.4.1 Conical Reflection Specular Excluded
    • 11.5 Ring-Light Reflection
    • 11.6
      Small-Source Reflection
      • 11.6.1 Directed-Source Maximal Contrast
      • 11.6.2 Small-Source Specular Reflection
    • 11.7 Large-Source Reflection
      • 11.7.1 Large-Side-Source Reflection
      • 11.7.2 Dual-Large-Source Reflection
      • 11.7.3 Large-Source Specular Reflection
      • 11.7.4 Proximal-Source Reflection
      • 11.7.5 Reference
    • 11.8 Variable-Aperture-Source Specular Reflection
      • 11.8.1 References
    • 11.9 Contrast Under Ambient Illumination
      • 11.9.1 Estimated Contrast Under Ambient Illumination
      • 11.9.2 Reference
    • 11.10 Color Under Ambient Illumination
      • 11.10.1 Gray Scale Under Ambient Illumination
      • 11.10.2 Color Gamut Envelope for Reflective Displays - Color Capability
    • 11.11 Character-Stroke Contrast Under Ambient Illumination
    • 11.12 Diagnostic: Characterizing Hemisphere Uniformity
    • 11.13 Diagnostic: Validation of BRDF System
    • 11.14 Transmittance (Regular Included)
      • 11.14.1 Sampling Sphere Implementation
      • 11.14.2 References
    • 11.15 Transmittance (Regular Excluded)
      • 11.15.1 Reference
    • 11.16 Ring-Light Transmission
  • 12 MOTION-ARTIFACT MEASUREMENTS
    • 12.1 MOVING-EDGE-BLUR INTRODUCTION
    • 12.2 MOVING-EDGE-BLUR GENERAL METHOD
    • 12.3 MOVING-EDGE-BLUR MEASUREMENTS
      • 12.3.1 MOVING-EDGE BLUR FROM PURSUIT CAMERAS
      • 12.3.2 MOVING-EDGE BLUR FROM TDI CAMERAS
      • 12.3.3 MOVING-EDGE BLUR FROM DIGITAL PURSUIT
      • 12.3.4 MOVING-EDGE BLUR FROM TEMPORAL STEP RESPONSE
      • 12.3.5
      • 12.3.6 COLOR MOVING-EDGE BLUR
    • 12.4 MOVING-EDGE-BLUR METRICS
      • 12.4.1 BLUR EDGE TIME
      • 12.4.2 GAUSSIAN EDGE TIME
      • 12.4.3 VISIBLE MOTION BLUR
      • 12.4.4
        COMBINED BLURRED-EDGE TIME
      • 12.4.5
        INTEGRATED ΔE FROM METTP
    • 12.5 MOTION RESOLUTION MEASUREMENTS
      • 12.5.1 MOVING-PICTURE RESOLUTION
      • 12.5.2 DYNAMIC MTF
    • 12.6 WIREFRAME FLICKERING MEASUREMENT
  • 13 PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS
    • 13.1 DISPLAY SIZE
      • 13.1.1 SIZE OF VIEWABLE AREA
      • 13.1.2 ASPECT RATIO & DISPLAY FORMATS
      • 13.1.3 IMAGE-SIZE REGULATION
    • 13.2 STRENGTH
      • 13.2.1 TORSIONAL STRENGTH
      • 13.2.2 FRONT-OF-SCREEN STRENGTH
      • 13.2.3 WOBBLE
    • 13.3 GEOMETRY
      • 13.3.1 CONVERGENCE
      • 13.3.2 LINEARITY
      • 13.3.3 WAVINESS
      • 13.3.4 LARGE-AREA DISTORTIONS
  • 14 ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
    • 14.1 SUPPLY AND POWER-CONSUMPTION METRICS
      • 14.1.1 POWER CONSUMPTION
      • 14.1.2 POWER SUPPLY RANGE VERIFICATION
    • 14.2 EFFICIENCIES
      • 14.2.1 FRONTAL LUMINANCE EFFICIENCY — ε
      • 14.2.2 LUMINOUS EFFICACY (OF A SOURCE) — η
      • 14.2.3 FRONTAL INTENSITY EFFICIENCY (“ENERGY EFFICIENCY”) — ξ
  • 15 FRONT PROJECTOR MEASUREMENTS
    • 15.1 STRAY LIGHT IN PROJECTION MEASUREMENTS
      • 15.1.1 DARKROOM REQUIREMENTS
      • 15.1.2 PROJECTOR PLACEMENT
      • 15.1.3 VIRTUAL SCREEN
      • 15.1.4 PROJECTION MASK
      • 15.1.5 SLET—STRAY LIGHT ELIMINATION TUBE
      • 15.1.6 PROJECTION LINE MASK
      • 15.1.7 PROJECTION SLIT ILLUMINANCE METER
      • 15.1.8 ILLUMINANCE FROM WHITE REFLECTANCE STANDARDS
    • 15.2 AREA OF FRONT PROJECTOR SCREEN IMAGE
    • 15.3 SAMPLED FLUX FROM WHITE
    • 15.4 SAMPLED FLUX FROM COLOR-SIGNAL WHITE
    • 15.5 SEQUENTIAL CONTRAST RATIO
    • 15.6 CHECKERBOARD CONTRAST RATIO
    • 15.7 WHITE POINT AND CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE
    • 15.8 RGB PRIMARY COLORS
    • 15.9 GRAY-SCALE ILLUMINANCE AND COLOR
    • 15.10 RESOLUTION AND CONTRAST MODULATION
    • 15.11 SAMPLED UNIFORMITY OF FULL-WHITE LUMINANCE
    • 15.12 screenSAMPLED UNIFORMITY OF DARK-GRAY LUMINANCE
  • 16 FRONT-PROJECTOR-SCREEN MEASUREMENTS
    • 16.1 SCREEN COLOR SHIFT
    • 16.2 SCREEN COLOR UNIFORMITY
    • 16.3 SCREEN CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT
    • 16.4 SCREEN GAIN
    • 16.5 SCREEN GAIN DIRECTIVITY
    • 16.6 SCREEN GAIN UNIFORMITY
  • 17 3D & STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS
    • 17.1
    • 17.2 3D LUMINANCES, CONTRASTS, & SYSTEM METRICS
    • 17.3 STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS USING EYEGLASSES
      • 17.3.1 EYEGLASSES TESTING
      • 17.3.2 STEREOSCOPIC EXTINCTION RATIO & CROSSTALK
      • 17.3.3 STEREOSCOPIC CONTRAST RATIO
      • 17.3.4 STEREOSCOPIC LUMINANCE & LUMINANCE DIFFERENCE
      • 17.3.5 STEREOSCOPIC LUMINANCE SAMPLED UNIFORMITY
      • 17.3.6 STEREOSCOPIC CHROMATICITY UNIFORMITY
      • 17.3.7 STEREOSCOPIC GRAY-TO-GRAY AVERAGE CROSSTALK
      • 17.3.8 STEREOSCOPIC GAMMA DEVIATION
      • 17.3.9 STEREOSCOPIC ANGULAR BEHAVIOR
      • 17.3.10 HEAD TILT
      • 17.3.11 Gray to Gray Lightness Crosstalk
    • 17.4 AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS WITH TWO VIEWS
      • 17.4.1 TWO-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC SYSTEM CROSSTALK
      • 17.4.2 TWO-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC CONTRAST RATIO
      • 17.4.3 TWO-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC LUMINANCE
      • 17.4.4 TWO-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC LUMINANCE UNIFORMITY
      • 17.4.5 TWO-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC ANGULAR RANGE
      • 17.4.6 TWO-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC OPTIMUM VIEWING DISTANCE
      • 17.4.7 TWO-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC VIEWING RANGE
    • 17.5 AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS WITH MULTIPLE VIEWS
      • 17.5.1 MULTIVIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC CROSSTALK
      • 17.5.2 MULTIVIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC LUMINANCE
      • 17.5.3 MULTIVIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC LUMINANCE UNIFORMITY
      • 17.5.4 MULTIVIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC CONTRAST RATIO
      • 17.5.5 MULTI-VIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC OPTIMUM VIEWING DISTANCE
      • 17.5.6 MULTIVIEW AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC ANGULAR RANGE
      • 17.5.7 MULTIVIEW ANGULAR RESOLUTION
      • 17.5.8 VALID MULTIVIEW RANGE
      • 17.5.9 3D GEOMETRY DISTORTION
      • 17.5.10 MULTIVIEW SPATIAL BLUR EDGE WIDTH RATIO
    • 17.6 AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS
      • 17.6.1
      • 17.6.2
      • 17.6.3
      • 17.6.4
      • 17.6.5 LIGHT FIELD ANGULAR RESOLUTION
      • 17.6.6 LIGHT FIELD VALID VIEWING RANGE
      • 17.6.7 LIGHT FIELD 3D GEOMETRY DISTORTION
      • 17.6.8 LIGHT FIELD AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC IMAGE RESOLUTION
      • 17.6.9 LIGHT FIELD DEPTH – LEE’S METHOD
    • 17.7 CHAPTER APPENDIX: 3D & STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS
      • 17.7.1 STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAY PATTERNS
      • 17.7.2 PATTERNS FOR MEASUREMENT
      • 17.7.3 PATTERNS FOR LIGHT-FIELD DISPLAYS
      • 17.7.4 PATTERNS FOR VISUAL INSPECTION OF LIGHT-FIELD DISPLAYS
  • 18 TOUCH SCREEN AND SURFACE DISPLAY
    • 18.1 TOUCH FUNCTIONALITY
      • 18.1.1 TOUCH POSITION ACCURACY
      • 18.1.2
        LINEAR ACCURACY
    • 18.2 REACTION TIMES
      • 18.2.1 REACTION TIME: LATENCY OF A SINGLE TOUCH
      • 18.2.2 REACTION TIME: LATENCY OF A LATERAL MOTION
      • 18.2.3 REACTION TIME: FASTEST MOVEMENT RECOGNIZED
    • 18.3 AMBIENT DEGRADATION
    • 18.4 SURFACE CONTAMINATION EFFECTS
    • 18.5 TEXTURE SURFACE TREATMENTS & PROTECTIVE FILMS
    • 18.6
      VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
  • 19 Near Eye Displays VR/AR, HMDs
    • 19.1 Geometry of Virtual Display and Measurements
    • 19.2 LMD requirements for NED measurements
    • 19.3 Eye-Point Alignment
      • 19.3.1 Eye-Point Alignment Using Crosshair
      • 19.3.2 Eye-Point Alignment by Center Luminance
      • 19.3.3 Eye-Point Alignment by Center Resolution
      • 19.3.4 Eye-Point Alignment by Field of View
      • 19.3.5 NED Eyebox Centering Transverse Chromatic Aberrations
      • 19.3.6 NED Eyebox Centering Using Coma, Astigmatism, Field Curvature
    • 19.4 Virtual Image Distance
      • 19.4.1 Parallax Method
      • 19.4.2 Virtual Image Distance Using LMD Lens Focus
    • 19.5 NED Vantage-Point Measurements
      • 19.5.1 Center Virtual Image Basic Measurements
      • 19.5.2 Luminance and Contrast Ratio Uniformity
      • 19.5.3 Chromaticity Uniformity
      • 19.5.4 Michelson Contrast Uniformity
      • 19.5.5 Chromaticity Gamut Area Uniformity
      • 19.5.6 Checkerboard Contrast Ratio with Small FOV LMD
      • 19.5.7 Checkerboard Contrast Ratio with Large FOV LMD
    • 19.6 Spatial Measurements
      • 19.6.1 Michelson Contrast: Concentric Ring Method
    • 19.7 NED Local Geometric Distortion
    • 19.8 NED Field of View Measurements
      • 19.8.1 Field of View Based on Luminance
      • 19.8.2 Field of View Based on Michelson Contrast
    • 19.9 Eyebox
      • 19.9.1 Center Luminance Method
      • 19.9.2 Michelson-Contrast Method
      • 19.9.3 Draper Method
      • 19.9.4 Luminance-Based Field of View Method
      • 19.9.5 Michelson Contrast-Based Field of View Method
    • 19.10 Transmittance of AR DUTs
    • 19.11 See-Through Contrast and Effective Resolution
      • 19.11.1 Contrast and Effective Resolution: Slanted-Edge Method
      • 19.11.2 Contrast and Effective Resolution: Grille Method
  • 20 High Dynamic Range
    • 20.1 Introduction and Background
      • 20.1.1 Terms and Definitions
      • 20.1.2 Background
      • 20.1.3 Interdependencies in HDR Metrology
      • 20.1.4 Mastering Display Metadata
      • 20.1.5 The IDMS HDR Test Signal Format
      • 20.1.6 HDR Performance and Reporting
      • 20.1.7 HDR DUT Stabilization
      • 20.1.8 References
  • 21 Color for Display Metrology
    • 21.1 Metrology and Color Displays
    • 21.2 Colorimetry
      • 21.2.1 Tristimulus Values and Standard Colorimetric Observer
      • 21.2.2 Observer Metameric Failure
      • 21.2.3 Chromaticity Diagrams
      • 21.2.4 Uniform Color Spaces
      • 21.2.5 Color Appearance Model
      • 21.2.6 Color Difference Equations
    • 21.3 Display Color Gamut
      • 21.3.1 Standard RGB Primaries
      • 21.3.2 Color Gamut is three-dimensional
      • 21.3.3 Color Gamut and Image Quality
      • 21.3.4 Chromaticity Gamut Area
      • 21.3.5 Relative Gamut Metrics
    • 21.4 Gamut Shape
      • 21.4.1 CMY Chromaticity Gamut Area Coverage Ratios
      • 21.4.2 Gamut Rings
    • 21.5 Light Measuring Device Considerations
      • 21.5.1 Chromaticity Dependence on LMD Spectral Bandwidth
      • 21.5.2 Chromaticity Dependence on LMD Dynamic Range
      • 21.5.3 Spectral Stray Light Correction
    • 21.6 References
  • Appendix A Metrology Considerations
  • A1 Light-Measurement Devices and Detectors
    • A1.1 General Uncertainty Requirements of the LMD
    • A1.2 Measurement-Field Angle and Angular Aperture of LMD
      • A1.2.1 Diagnostic: Angular-Aperture Suitability of LMD
      • A1.2.2 Diagnostic: Qualifying Angular-Apertures Greater Than 2 degrees
    • A1.3 Type of LMDs
      • A1.3.1 Viewport LMDs
      • A1.3.2 Conoscopic LMDs
      • A1.3.3 Large-Measurement-Field-Angle Detectors
      • A1.3.4 Detectors with Collimated Optics
      • A1.3.5 Microscopes and Proximity Detectors Close to Display Surface
      • A1.3.6 Long-Distance Microscopes
      • A1.3.7 Illuminance Meters
      • A1.3.8 Time-Resolved Measurements
      • A1.3.9 Detector Saturation
      • A1.3.10 Appearance to the Eye vs the LMD
  • A2 Stray Light Management and Veiling Glare
    • A2.1 Avoiding Glare in Large-Area Measurements
      • A2.1.1 Glossy Black Frustum Masks
      • A2.1.2 Diagnostic for Frustum-Mask Effectiveness
      • A2.1.3 Diagnostic for LMD Glare Corruption Determination
      • A2.1.4 Frustum Construction
      • A2.1.5 Stray-Light-Elimination Tubes
      • A2.1.6 Correcting for Glare with Replica Masks
    • A2.2 Accounting for Glare in Small-Area Measurements
      • A2.2.1 Replica Masks and Diagnostics
      • A2.2.2 Line Replica Masks on Rugged Surfaces
      • A2.2.3 Delicate Untouchable Screens
      • A2.2.4 Rugged Screens That Can Be Touched
  • A3 Low-Luminance Measurements
    • A3.1 Ambient Offset Luminance
    • A3.2 Low-Luminance Calibration, Diagnostics, and Linearity
      • A3.2.1 Standard White Plate and Change in Distance
      • A3.2.2 Standard White Plate and Neutral-Density Filter
      • A3.2.3 Integrating Sphere with Linear Detector
      • A3.2.4 Integrating Sphere and Distance
      • A3.2.5 Integrating Sphere and Neutral-Density Filter
    • A3.3 Detector Linearity Diagnostics
  • A4 Spatial Invariance and Integration Times
    • A4.1 Number of Measured Pixels
      • A4.1.1 Diagnostic: Suitability of Chosen Number of Measured Pixels
      • A4.1.2 Calculation Examples: Distance and Number of Pixels Measured
    • A4.2 Measurement Time Interval
      • A4.2.1 Temporal Modulation of Luminance
      • A4.2.2 Diagnostic: Verification of Adequate Integration Time
  • A5 Adequacy of Single Measurements
  • A6 Polarization Effects Diagnostics
  • A7 Color Measurement Diagnostics
  • A8 Temporal Response Diagnostics
  • A9 Array-Detector Measurements
  • A10 Uncertainty Evaluations
    • A10.1 Luminance Measurement Uncertainties
    • A10.2 Chromaticity Coordinates Measurement Uncertainty
    • A10.3 Contrast Measurement Uncertainties
  • A11 Signals, Colors, and Pattern Generation
  • A12 Images and Patterns for Procedures
    • A12.1 Target Construction and Naming
      • A12.1.1 Rendering Gray and Color Levels
      • A12.1.2 Gray Levels in Percent of White
      • A12.1.3 Target Configuration and File Naming Conventions
    • A12.2 Setup Targets in Pattern Collections
    • A12.3 Bitmapped Patterns
    • A12.4 Color and Gray-Scale Inversion Target
    • A12.5 Visual Equal Probability of Detection Target
    • A12.6 Multicolor Pattern with Constant 25% APL
    • A12.7 Selectable Constant Average Picture Level
  • A13 Auxiliary Laboratory Equipment
    • A13.1 Uniform Light Sources
      • A13.1.1 Ronchi Ruling
      • A13.1.2 Neutral Density Filters
      • A13.1.3 Reflectance Standard
      • A13.1.4 Cone Light Trap
      • A13.1.5 Gloss Black Plastic
      • A13.1.6 Matte Black Plastic
      • A13.1.7 Chopper
      • A13.1.8 Polarizers
      • A13.1.9 Lasers
      • A13.1.10 Led and Pulse Generator
      • A13.1.11 Black Felt
      • A13.1.12 Flocked Black Paper
      • A13.1.13 Black Tape
      • A13.1.14 Resolution Target
      • A13.1.15 Black Glass
  • A14 Harsh Environment Testing
  • A15 Establishment of Perpendicular
    • A15.1 Displays with Specular Reflection
    • A15.2 Mirror or Glass Held on Surface of Displays
    • A15.3 Mechanical Alignment
    • A15.4 Alignment with Optical Rail
    • A15.5 Rugged Displays Without Specular Reflections
    • A15.6 Fragile Displays Without Specular Reflections
  • Appendix B Tutorials And Discussions
  • B1 Radiometry, Photometry and Colorimetry
    • B1.1 Photometry
    • B1.2 Colorimetry
      • B1.2.1 Correlated Color Temperature
  • B2 Point Source, Candela, and Solid Angle
  • B3 Luminance of Uniform Area
  • B4 Spotlight versus Angle
  • B5 Glowworm and Detector
  • B6 Properties of a Lambertian Surface
  • B7 Uniform Collimated Flashlight
  • B8 Headlight (Divergent Uniform Flashlight)
  • B9 Nonlinear Response of the Eye
  • B10 Illuminance from Exit Port of Integrating Sphere
  • B11 Exit Port Illumination of a Wall
  • B12 Integrating Sphere Interior: Luminance and Illuminance
  • B13 Lens Vignette of Luminous Flux
  • B14 Illuminance From Luminance
  • B15 Illuminance Inside an Integrating Sphere
  • B16 Reflection from Room Walls Onto Screen
  • B17 Reflection Models and Terminology
    • B17.1 Canonical Reflection Terminology
    • B17.2 BRDF Formalism and the Components of Reflection
    • B17.3 Bidirectional Scatter Distribution Function from the Point-Spread Function
      • B17.3.1 Measurement Setup
      • B17.3.2 From the DUT to the LMD Detector Array – Pinhole Camera Model
      • B17.3.3 Deduction of Equations (B17.3.1) and (B17.3.2)
      • B17.3.4 Difference Angle
      • B17.3.5 Relationship between ϕ (on DUT) and ϕ* (on detector array)
      • B17.3.6 Variation of Illuminance Across the DUT Surface, E(x,y)
      • B17.3.7 Fresnel Correction
      • B17.3.8 Bringing Them All Together
      • B17.3.9 Special Case - In-Plane Variations
      • B17.3.10 Measured Quantities and Data Sets
  • B18 Digital Filtering by Moving-Window Average
  • B19 Collimated Optics
  • B20 Measures of Contrast, Grilles, and MTFs
  • B21 Statements of Uncertainty
  • B22 Luminance of a Light-Emitting Diode
  • B23 Luminance of a Lambertian Display
  • B24 Conoscopic Light-Measuring Devices
  • B25 NEMA-DICOM Gray Scale
  • B26 Perceptively Equal Gray-Shade Intervals
  • B27 Blur, Judder, and Smooth-Pursuit Eye Tracking
  • B28 Transmitting Diffuser: Luminance vs Illuminance
  • B29 Gamut Area and Overlap Metrics
  • B30 Eye-Health Alert
  • B31 Specular Reflectance and Luminance Factor
  • B32 NEMA-DICOM and EPD Gray Scale Functions
  • B33 HDR Ecosystem from the Metrology Viewpoint
    • B33.1 Introduction
    • B33.2 Terminology and Scope of HDR Concepts
    • B33.3 Modern Image Display
    • B33.4 HDR Signal
      • B33.4.1 Fundamental Properties
      • B33.4.2 Dynamic Range, Quantization, and Non-linearities
      • B33.4.3 HDR Transfer Functions and EOTF
        • B33.4.3.1 Perceptual Quantizer
          • B33.4.3.1.1 Design Considerations
          • B33.4.3.1.2 Efficiency of the PQ EOTF
        • B33.4.3.2 Hybrid Log-Gamma
        • B33.4.3.3 EOTF Comparison
        • B33.4.3.4 Other EOTFs
      • B33.4.4 HDR Content Properties
      • B33.4.5 Color Gamuts, Containers, and Volumes
    • B33.5 HDR Metadata
      • B33.5.1 Fundamental Signal Identification Metadata
      • B33.5.2 Image Related Metadata
        • B33.5.2.1 Static Metadata
        • B33.5.2.2 Dynamic Metadata
    • B33.6 Tone mapping
      • B33.6.1 Perceptual Mapping
        • B33.6.1.1 Global Tone Mapping
        • B33.6.1.2 Local tone mapping
      • B33.6.2 Content vs. Container Mapping
      • B33.6.3 Inverse Tone Mapping
      • B33.6.4 Gamut Mapping
    • B33.7 Display Device Properties
      • B33.7.1 Spatial Variability
      • B33.7.2 Temporal Variability
      • B33.7.3 Spectral Variability and Multi-Chromatic Displays
      • B33.7.4 SDR vs HDR Accuracy
    • B33.8 Application and Deployment
      • B33.8.1 Content Creation
      • B33.8.2 Content Delivery
        • B33.8.2.1 HDR Capable Formats and Protocols
          • B33.8.2.1.1 The Hybrid Log Gamma (HLG) Format
          • B33.8.2.1.2 HDR10
          • B33.8.2.1.3 Dolby Vision™
          • B33.8.2.1.4 HDR10+
          • B33.8.2.1.5 Technicolor SL1, 2, and 3
        • B33.8.2.2 Delivery Paths
      • B33.8.3 Consumer Display
        • B33.8.3.1 Display Signal and Preference Modes
        • B33.8.3.2 Viewing Environment Considerations
      • B33.8.4 Signal and Computational Precision
      • B33.8.5 Interplay of Pipeline Elements
      • B33.8.6 Color Difference Methods
      • B33.8.7 HDR Performance Specifications and Compliance
    • B33.9 Summary and Further Reading
    • B33.10 References
    • B33.11 Standards
  • C VARIABLES AND NOMENCLATURE
  • D GLOSSARY
  • E ACRONYMS
  • F ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • F1 Version 1.03
    • F2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VERSION 1.1
    • F3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VERSION 1.2
    • F4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VERSION 1.3
  • G CHANGES & CORRELATIONS
    • G1 CHANGES & ADDITIONS IN CURRENT VERSION
    • G2 CORRELATION WITH OTHER STANDARDS
  • H BIBLIOGRAPHY